Bernardo Bertolucci, born on March 16, 1941, near Parma, Italy, is widely regarded as one of the most influential filmmakers of the 20th century. His work, characterized by its deep psychological insights, striking visual style, and often controversial themes, has left an indelible mark on international cinema. This comprehensive biography explores Bertolucci’s life, his rise to fame, and his enduring legacy.
Early Life and Influences
Bernardo Bertolucci was born into a culturally rich family. His father, Attilio Bertolucci, was a renowned poet and literary critic. Growing up in such an environment, Bernardo was exposed to the arts from an early age. His childhood was spent in the idyllic countryside of Parma, which later influenced the pastoral elements in his films. At the age of fifteen, he borrowed a 16mm camera and began making short films, showcasing his early passion for cinema.
Despite his burgeoning interest in filmmaking, Bertolucci initially followed in his father’s literary footsteps. After moving to Rome with his family, he enrolled in the Faculty of Modern Literature. His literary endeavors were promising, as evidenced by winning the prestigious Premio Viareggio Opera Prima in 1962 for his poetry collection “In cerca del mistero.” However, his passion for cinema soon took precedence.
Early Career and Collaboration with Pasolini
In 1961, Bertolucci left university to work as an assistant director to Pier Paolo Pasolini on the film “Accattone.” Pasolini, a family friend and neighbor, played a crucial role in shaping Bertolucci’s cinematic vision. The following year, with the support of producer Tonino Cervi, Bertolucci directed his first feature film, “La commare secca,” based on a story by Pasolini. This debut marked the beginning of his illustrious career.
Rise to Fame: Key Films of the 1960s and 1970s
Bertolucci’s second film, “Prima della rivoluzione” (1964), drew inspiration from the French New Wave and cemented his reputation as a promising young director. He later collaborated with Sergio Leone on the screenplay for “Once Upon a Time in the West” (1968), further honing his storytelling skills.
In 1970, Bertolucci directed “The Conformist,” a film that garnered international acclaim for its innovative narrative structure and visual style. The film, based on Alberto Moravia’s novel, earned Bertolucci his first Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay.
Controversy and Triumph: “Last Tango in Paris” and “1900”
Bertolucci’s most controversial work, “Last Tango in Paris” (1972), starring Marlon Brando and Maria Schneider, became a landmark in cinematic history. The film’s explicit sexual content and raw emotional intensity sparked widespread debate and censorship. Despite the controversy, it remains a critical milestone, showcasing Bertolucci’s fearless exploration of human sexuality and psychological depth.
In 1976, Bertolucci directed “1900,” an epic historical drama spanning several decades and featuring an ensemble cast including Robert De Niro, Gérard Depardieu, and Donald Sutherland. The film, an ambitious portrayal of Italian history and class struggle, solidified Bertolucci’s status as a master filmmaker.
Global Recognition: “The Last Emperor” and Beyond
Bertolucci’s crowning achievement came with “The Last Emperor” (1987), a biographical film about the life of Pu Yi, the last Emperor of China. The film’s lavish production, meticulous attention to historical detail, and compelling narrative earned it nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. “The Last Emperor” remains the only film to win all the Oscars for which it was nominated, a testament to Bertolucci’s extraordinary directorial prowess.
Following this success, Bertolucci directed “The Sheltering Sky” (1990), based on Paul Bowles’ novel, and “Little Buddha” (1993), exploring themes of spirituality and existential quest. Both films, shot on location in exotic settings, showcased his ability to blend narrative and visual poetry.
Later Works and Legacy
In 1996, Bertolucci returned to Italy to direct “Stealing Beauty,” a film set in Tuscany that intertwines themes of youth, love, and mortality. This was followed by “Besieged” (1998), an intimate drama praised for its minimalist approach and emotional depth.
Bertolucci revisited the revolutionary spirit of the 1960s with “The Dreamers” (2003), a film set against the backdrop of the Paris student riots of 1968. The film, based on Gilbert Adair’s novel, received mixed reviews but was celebrated for its nostalgic and evocative portrayal of youthful idealism.
Personal Life and Philosophical Views
Bernardo Bertolucci’s personal life and philosophical views significantly influenced his work. His marriage to Clare Peploe, a screenwriter and director, fostered a creative partnership that enriched his later projects. Bertolucci’s films often reflect his political beliefs, exploring themes of power, identity, and resistance against oppression.
A lifelong admirer of psychoanalysis, Bertolucci’s work frequently delves into the human psyche, exploring the interplay between personal desires and societal constraints. His films are renowned for their rich character studies, intricate narratives, and profound philosophical undertones.
Health Challenges and Final Years
In his later years, Bertolucci faced significant health challenges, including a debilitating back condition that confined him to a wheelchair. Despite these limitations, he continued to work on new projects, demonstrating his unwavering dedication to his craft. His resilience and passion for storytelling remained evident until his final days.
Bernardo Bertolucci passed away on November 26, 2018, leaving behind a remarkable legacy that continues to inspire filmmakers and audiences worldwide. His contributions to cinema, characterized by their artistic daring and intellectual rigor, have cemented his place among the great directors of all time.
Conclusion
Bernardo Bertolucci’s journey from a poet’s son in rural Italy to an acclaimed filmmaker of global renown is a testament to his extraordinary talent and vision. His films, marked by their visual splendor, narrative complexity, and deep psychological insight, have left an indelible mark on the world of cinema. As we reflect on his life and work, it becomes clear that Bertolucci’s legacy is one of artistic brilliance, unyielding courage, and profound humanism.
His ability to capture the essence of the human experience, from the intimate to the epic, ensures that his films will continue to resonate with audiences for generations to come. Bernardo Bertolucci’s enduring influence on cinema is a fitting tribute to a visionary artist who dared to explore the depths of the human soul.
